В tellem осуществляется элизия th. В принципе, любую фразу, где происходит элизия th можно записывать в сокращения, однако они настолько естественны в речи, что никто их в отдельный класс не выделяет.
Заметьте, как официальные сокращения, которые закреплены на письме, воспринимаются носителями языка целыми словами, которые они с удовольствием сокращают, получая неформальные сокращения:
could've [ˈkʊdəv] –> coulda [ˈkʊdə]
would've [ˈwʊdəv] –> woulda [ˈwʊdə]
should've [ˈʃʊdəv] –> shoulda [ˈʃʊdə]
must've [ˈmʌstəv] –> musta [ˈmʌstə]
might've [ˈmaɪtəv] –> mighta [ˈmaɪtə]
couldn't have –> couldna [ˈkʊdnə]
wouldn't have –> wouldna [ˈwʊdnə]
shouldn't have –> shouldna [ˈʃʊdnə]
Для последних трех сокращений возможен еще такой вариант:
couldn't have –> [ˈkʊdnəv]
wouldn't have –> [ˈwʊdnəv]
shouldn't have –> [ˈʃʊdnəv]
Ex. 4. Прочтите предложения с неформальными сокращениями y'all, dunno, tryna, cuz.
Y’all [jɔ:l] (you all):
I told y’all this was gonna happen!
Where are y’all going after dinner?
Y’all better be careful out there.
Y’all need to finish your homework.
What are y’all up to this weekend?
Did y’all see the game last night?
I appreciate y’all helping me out.
Can y’all believe this weather?
Hey, y’all! How’s it going?
Dunno [də'noʊ] (don’t know):
I dunno what to say in this situation.
She said something, but I dunno what.
I dunno how to solve this problem.
I dunno why it’s taking so long.
I dunno who left the door open.
I dunno where he went.
Tryna ['tʃraɪnə] (trying to):
She’s tryna learn how to play the guitar.
We’re tryna be more organized this time.
They’re tryna save up for a vacation.
I’m tryna figure out what went wrong.
He’s tryna fix the car himself.
I’m tryna finish this project.
Are you tryna avoid me?
Cuz [kəz] (because):
I won't go, cuz I wanna play video games.
I’m excited cuz we’re going on vacation!
He didn’t join us cuz he had work to do.
They were upset cuz they lost the game.
He failed the test cuz he didn’t study.
I’m doing this cuz I care about you.
Ex. 4.1. Прочтите предложения с неформальными сокращениями hafta, hasta, oughta, needa, tellem.
Hafta ['hæftə] (have to):
I hafta go to the store later.
You hafta finish your homework.
We hafta leave early to catch the train.
Do I really hafta clean my room?
She said she’d hafta think about it.
They hafta be there by 7 PM.
I hafta call my mom tonight.
We hafta figure this out together.
I know I hafta exercise more often.
You don’t hafta come if you don’t want to.
Hasta ['hæstə] (has to):
This hasta be the best pizza I’ve ever had!
She hasta go to work tomorrow morning.
She hasta study for her test tonight.
He hasta make a decision soon.
Oughta ['ɔ:tə] (ought to):
You oughta buy her a present.
We oughta take a break and relax.
We oughta help him to fix the car.
You oughta apologize to the committee.
You really oughta listen to this advice.
Needa ['ni:də] (need to):
You don’t needa worry about that right now.
You needa calm down and think it through.
I needa finish this report by tomorrow.
We needa get groceries for dinner.
I needa talk to you about it.
Tellem ['teləm] (tell them):
Can you tellem I’ll call back later?
If they ask, just tellem I’m not there.
Tellem to meet us at the place at 6 PM.
I’ll tellem the truth when I see them.
Don’t tellem anything until you’re sure.
Did you tellem what happened yesterday?
Tellem it’s important to finish on time.
You should tellem about the change in plans.
Ex. 4.2. Прочтите предложения с неформальными сокращениями coulda, woulda, shoulda, musta, mighta.
Coulda [ˈkʊdə] (could have):
You coulda called me to let me know.
I coulda helped you if you’d asked me.
We coulda made it if we’d left earlier.
He coulda done a better job with more time.
She coulda passed the test if she’d studied.
They coulda won the game if they’d trained.
He coulda gotten a promotion if he’d applied.
Woulda [ˈwʊdə] (would have):
I woulda joined you if I wasn’t busy.
I woulda helped them but they hadn't asked.
You woulda loved the concert—it was amazing!
I woulda explained it if you’d let me.
She woulda bought the dress if it was her size.
Shoulda [ˈʃʊdə] (should have):
We shoulda taken an earlier flight.
You shoulda told me about the meeting.
I shoulda studied harder for the exam.
He shoulda apologized for what he said.
I shoulda called you before coming over.
They shoulda warned us about the traffic.
We shoulda brought more snacks for the trip.
Musta [ˈmʌstə] (must have):
I musta made a mistake in the calculations.
He musta heard us talking about the plan.
You musta taken a wrong advice at work.
You musta forgotten your keys at home.
You musta misunderstood what I said.
They musta seen the movie already.
She musta thought it was a joke.
Mighta [ˈmaɪtə] (might have):
We mighta missed the announcement.
I mighta left my wallet in the car.
They mighta forgotten to invite them.
He mighta been busy because of the work.
You mighta seen her at the party yesterday.
She mighta misunderstood your instructions.
I mighta eaten too much dessert at dinner.
You mighta been right about the weather.
He mighta gone to the store instead of coming here.
Ex. 4.3. Прочтите предложения с неформальными сокращениями couldna, wouldna, shouldna.
Couldna [ˈkʊdnə] (could not have):
I couldna done it without your help.
She couldna known about the surprise party.
We couldna predicted such bad weather.
Wouldna [ˈwʊdnə] (would not have):
He wouldna acted that way if he were sober.
I wouldna gone if I’d known it was snowing.
They wouldna believed